|
Sample--Works
Cited
A Works Cited is
an alphabetical list of all the sources that were used to write your
paper. It is the last page of your research paper.
Works
Cited
"Annie Oakley."
Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1999 ed. Microsoft.
Bloom, Harold, ed.
F. Scott Fitzgerald. Englewood Cliffs: Salem, 1989.
Garruba, Kathy. "Seniors
and the Term Paper." Time 17 Feb. 1997: 18.
Masterfile Premier. Ebsco. WTHS. 12 Mar. 2001.
Landsburg, Steven E. "Who
Shall Inherit the Earth?" Slate 1 May 1997. 2 May
1997
<http://www.slate.com>.
Neubauer, Carol. "Displacement
and Autobiographical Style in Maya Angelou."
Black American Literature Forum 17:2 (1983): 123-29. Literature Resource
Center. The Gale Group. WTHS.
20 Mar. 1998.
Scarpaci, Nancy. War and Peace. Ed. Deborah McFadden. New York:
Albans, 1997.
Top
Format
of Works Cited Entries
Helpful
Hints:
-
Use correct punctuation
and spacing
-
Double space entries
-
Begin the first line
at the margin and indent subsequent lines five spaces
-
Place entries in alphabetical
order by the author's last name or title
-
Underline the names
of books, magazines, newspapers, journals, web sites and databases;
however do not underline the name of the series
-
Put titles of articles,
essays, poems in quotation marks
-
Use ed for editor, trans
for translator and comp for compiler
-
Abbreviate the names
of the months except May, June and July
-
Editions: 2nd ed., 3rd
ed., Rev. ed., (Revised edition), Abr. ed. (abbreviated edition),
Supp. (Supplement), Supp. II, Pt. 1 (Supplement and Part)
-
The first letter of
words in a title are capitalized
-
Use shortened forms of
Publishers' names. Omit business abbreviations (Co., Corp.,
Inc, Ltd) and descriptive words such as Publishers, Press, House. Abbreviate
University Press as UP
-
Newspaper articles are
usually not published on consecutive pages, give the first page
number and a plus sign (6+)
-
Underlining and
italics are the same; however, MLA prefers underlining.
Top
Sample
Format for Print Sources
Please
note that the first section of each entry explains how the citation
should be written while the 2nd section is an example.
|
Book
with 1 author
|
Author's
last name, first name. Name of the Book. City
of
publication: Publisher, year.
Gerber, Phil.
Robert Frost. New York: Chelsea, 1999.
|
|
Book
with 2 authors
|
First
author's last name, first name, and second author's first
name and last name. Name of the Book. City
of
publication: Publisher, year.
Cullen, Gerald,
and Kathleen McNally. Exploring Literature.
Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1999.
|
|
Book
with 4 or more authors
Use
et al
|
First
author's last name, first name, et al. Name of the
book.
edition. City of publication: Publisher, year.
Schmo, Joseph,
et al. Exploring Design. 2nd ed. Boston:
Chelsea, 1987.
|
|
Book
with editor
|
Editor's
last name, first name, editor. Name of the book.
City of publication: Publisher, year.
Bloom, Harold,
ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Englewood Cliffs:
Salem, 1988.
|
|
Book
with 2 editors
|
Editor's last name, first name,
and editor's first name and last name,
editors. Volume (if given).
City of Publication: publisher, year.
Napierkowski,
Marie Rose, and Mary K. Ruby, eds. Poetry
for Students. Vol. 3. Detroit:
Gale, 1998.
|
|
Book
with editor and author
|
Author's
last name, first name. Name of the book. Editor.
Editor's first name, last name. City of publication:
Publisher, year.
Prichard, Rich. Lives
of Modern Poets. Ed. Harold Bloom.
New York: Albans, 1999.
|
|
Different
editions of a book
|
Author's
last name, first name. Name of the Book. edition.
City of publication: Publisher, year.
Magill, Frank
N., ed. Contemporary Poets. 2nd ed.
New York: St. James, 1994.
|
|
Multi
volume
using only 1 volume
|
Editor's
last name, first name. editor. Name of the Book.
Volume number. edition. (if given) City of publication:
Publisher,
year.
Magill, Frank
N., ed. Survey of American Literature. Vol.
2.
Englewood Cliffs: Salem, 1999.
|
|
Multi
volume
using two or more volumes
|
Editor's
last name, first name, editor. Name of the Book.
edition. (if given) Number of volume. City of publication:
Publisher, year.
Magill, Frank
N., ed. Survey of World Literature. Rev.
3rd.
ed. 12 vols. Pasadena: Salem, 2001.
|
| Essay
in a Collection |
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the Article or Poem."
Name of the Book. Volume. Editor. City of publication:
Publisher,
year. pages.
Eckley, Grace.
"Ray Bradbury." Critical Survey of Long
Fiction. Vol. 1. Ed. Frank N.
Magill. Pasadena:
Salem, 1997. 124-30.
|
|
Book with no author or
editor
|
Name of the book.
Volume. (if given) edition. (if given)
City of Publication:
Publisher, year.
Notable
Poets. Vol. 1. Pasadena: Salem, 1998.
|
|
Unsigned
article in a reference book
|
"Title
of the article." Name of the reference book.
edition.
year.
"Updike,
John." Compton's Encyclopedia. 1997 ed.
"Whales."
World Book Encyclopedia. 15th ed. 2000.
|
|
Newspaper
|
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the article."
Name of
the Newspaper Date (edition if applicable): section
pages.
Fisher, Julieta
Dias. "Irish Boring Schools." Philadelphia
Inquirer 12 Jan. 2000: C21.
Licisyn, Nancy.
"Western Civilization." New York Times
12
Feb. 2002, late ed. : F1+
|
|
Weekly
magazine
|
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name of
the Magazine Date: pages.
Gilligan, Kim.
"Health and Fitness." Sports Illustrated
21 Mar.
1997: 20.
|
|
Monthly/quarterly
magazine
|
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name of
the Magazine Date (month, year): page.
Callaway, Rob.
"Bowling is Fun." Entertainment Today
June,
1998: 64.
|
|
Article
with an anonymous author
|
"Title
of the article." Name of the magazine
Date:
page.
"The Fabulous
Decade." Time 10 Jan. 1996: 12-14.
|
|
Scholarly
Journal
|
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name of
Name of the the Journal volume.issue (date):
pages.
Finn, Ann. "Kate
O'Brien: the Feminist James Joyce." Irish
Literature Review 42.7 (1995): 5-10.
|
|
Review
|
Reviewer's
last name, first name. "Title of the Review." (if
given) Rev. of Name of the work being reviewed,
the
author of the work being reviewed. Name of the
periodical date: pages.
Skow, Denise.
"IMC Procedures in the Digital Age." Rev. of
Computers and High School Students, by Joan
Peterson. Library Journal 6 May 1998: 75-81.
|
|
Government
Publication
(for other examples see MLA Handbook for Writers
of Research Papers)
|
Author's
last name, first name. or if not available,
Name of the gov't and then the agency.
Publication Information. (title, date and pages)
Dept. of State.
Global Warming. Washington: GPO,
1981. United States. Cong. Senate. Cong. Rec.
12
Dec. 1991: 451-75.
|
|
Painting,
Sculpture or Photograph
|
Artist's
last name, first name. Title of the Work.
Name of person or institution that owns it, and the
City.
Name of the Book. By Author (or editor).
City of Publication: Publisher, year. Plate
number or page number.
Da Vinci, Leonardo.
Mona Lisa. The Louvre, Paris.
Renaissance Masters. By Bob Duca. NewYork:
McGraw-Hill, 1995. 225.
|
|
Videocassette
|
Title.
Director. Performers. Year. Medium. Distributor, Year.
It's a Wonderful
Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart,
Donna Reed, and Lionel Barrymore. 1946.
Videocassette. Turner, 1997.
|
|
Sound
Recording
CD
Format |
Composer or performer. List
the title of the CD. Label,
year.
Simon,
Paul. The Rhythm of the Saints. Warner
Bros.,
1990.
|
|
Sound
Recording CD Format
Citing
a Title |
Composer or performer.
"Title of the Song." List the Title of
the
CD.
Label, year.
Simon, Paul.
"Spirit Voices." The Rhythm of the
Saints.
Warner Bros.,1990.
|
|
Map
or Chart
|
Name
of the Map or Chart. Description Label. City of
Publication: Publisher, year.
Philadelphia.
Map. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1999.
|
| Personal
Interview |
Last
name, first name of the person being interviewed.
the kind of interview. date.
Schmo, Joan.
Personal interview. 12 Sept. 1996.
|
Top
Subscription Databases
Hints
for Online Subscription Databases
Decide the Print Format
-
Find the information
for the citation - this will be labeled as source or citation
-
Decide whether
the citation is a book, magazine, scholarly journal, essay in a
collection or newspaper
-
Go to your MLA Style
Sheet and look up the correct format for the print resource
-
Add the additional information
for an Online Subscription Database
Add the information
for the Online Subscription Database
(this information is found on the screen)
-
Name of the database
(underlined)
-
Name of the publisher
-
Name of the Library
which has the database
-
The date of access
-
Optional: the URL of
the database's Home page <URL>.
Publishers and
the Names of the Databases in the IMC
ABC-CLIO: American Government, State
Geography, U.S. History, World Geography, the Holocaust, and World History
Accessible Archives: 18th and 19th Century American
Newspapers and New Jersey County Histories to 1900
Bridges: Career Bridges
COIN Education: COIN
The Gale Group: Contemporary Authors, Biography Resource Center, The Literary Resource
Center which includes these source databases Scribner's Writers, Twayne's
Authors Series, Contemporary Authors, Contemporary Literary
Criticism;
The Discovering Collection which includes these source databases:
Discovering Authors, Exploring Poetry, Exploring Shakespeare, Discovering
U.S. History, Discovering Multicultural America, Discovering World
History; Opposing Viewpoints; History Resource Center
which includes U.S. History and Modern World History and Health
Resource Center
Facts on File
Greenwood Publishing: Daily Life Through History
SIRS Mandarin Inc: SIRS Researcher and SIRS Government
Ebsco Publishing: MasterFile Premier, Newspaper Source, MagillonLiterature,
MagillonAuthors, Novelists, Facts on File
H. W. Wilson: Famous First Facts, Short
Story Index and Biographies Plus Illustrated
Roth Publishing: World's Best Poetry and Story Finder
Worldbook Online: Worldbook Encyclopedia
Examples
of the Format for Subscription Databases
|
ABC-CLIO
American Government
American History
State Geography
World Geography
World History
|
Author's last name, first
name. (if given) "Title of the
Article."
Name of
the Database. Publisher. Library. Date
of access.
"Australia:
A Country Overview." World Geography.
ABC-CLIO. WTHS. 9 Mar. 2002.
|
|
Ebscohost
Magazine Article
|
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name
of the Magazine Date: pages. Name of
Database. Publisher. Library. Date of access.
Cardamone, Angela.
"Biomes, Biomes." Biology Today 12
Feb. 1999: 20-27. Masterfile Premier.
Ebsco.
Margaret E. Heggan Lib. 30 Apr. 1998.
|
|
Ebscohost
Newspaper Source
|
Author's last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name
of the Newspaper.
Date: Section&Page. Name
of the Database.
Publisher. Library. Date of access.
Skelton, George.
"The State Capitol Journal."
Los
Angeles Times. 3 Sept. 2001:
A1+.
NewsPaper
Source. Ebsco. WTHS.
12 Oct. 2001.
|
|
Ebscohost
MagillonLiterature
Essay in a Collection
|
Author's
Name. "Title of essay." Name of Book.
City: (if given) Publisher, year. (if given)
Name of the
Database. Publisher. Library.
Date.
Smith, John.
"The Road Not Taken." Masterplots II:
Poetry Series. Rev. 3rd ed. MagillOnLiterature.
Ebsco. WTHS. 23 Jan. 2002.
|
|
Ebscohost
MagillonAuthors
Essay in a Collection
|
Author's
Name. "Title of the Essay." Name
of the Book.
City: (if
given) Publisher,
year. (if given)
Name of
the Database. Publisher.
Library.
Date of access.
Millichap, Joseph
R. "John Steinbeck." Critical Survey
of
Long Fiction.
MagillOnAuthors. Ebsco.
17 Oct. 2001.
|
|
World Book Encyclopedia
|
"Title
of the Article." Name of the Book.
Year. Name of the
Database.
Publisher. Library. Date of access.
"Bush, George."
World Book Encyclopedia. 2000. World
Book Encyclopedia.
WTHS. 20. Oct. 2001.
|
|
SIRS
Magazine
Article
|
Author.
"Title of the Article." Name of the Magazine
Date:
pages. Name of Database. Publisher. Library.
Date of access.
March, Jean.
"Acid Rain." U.S. News & World Report
1
Nov. 1999: 20. SIRS Knowledge Source:
R esearcher. SIRS Mandarin. WTHS.
20 Feb. 1999.
|
|
WilsonWEB
Biographies Plus
Reference
Article
|
"Title
of the Biography." Name of the Book. Publisher.
Name of the Database. Publisher. Library.
Date of access.
"Iverson,
Allen." 1997 Current Biography.
H.W. Wilson. Biographies Plus. WilsonWeb.
WTHS. 20 Sept. 2000.
|
|
WilsonWeb
Readers' Guide
Magazine Article
|
Author.
"Title of the Article." Name of the Magazine
Date:
pages. Name of the Source Database. Publisher.
Library. Date of access.
Brook, Keith.
"Football." Sports Illustrated
28
Dec. 1999:
25. Readers' Guide. WilsonWeb. WTHS.
1
Jan. 2000.
|
|
WilsonWeb
Famous First
Facts
|
"Title
of the Article." Name of the Book. Publisher,
year. Name
of the Source Database. Publisher. Library.
Date of access.
"American
Popular Music." Famous First Facts.
H.W. Wilson, 1997. Famous First Facts.
H.
W. Wilson. WTHS. 10 Oct. 2003.
|
|
Gale
Group
Biography Resource
Center
Book
|
Author/Editor.(if
given) "Title of the Article." Name
of the
Book.
volume. (if given). Publisher, year. pages.
(if
given) Name
of the Database. Publisher.
Library. Date
of access.
"George
Washington." Dictionary of American Biography.
2nd ed. 17 vols. Council of Learned
Societies, 1928-1936. Biography Resource Center.
Gale Group. WTHS. 12 Oct. 2000.
|
|
Gale
Group
Biography Resource
Center
Weekly Magazine
|
Author's last name, first name. (if
given) "Title of the Article"
Name of the Magazine Date: pages.
of the Database. Publisher. Library.
Date of access.
Stengel, Richard. "Treasures
from Mount Vernon." Time
28
Dec. 1998: 186. Biography Resource Center.
Gale
Group. WTHS. 9 Oct. 2003.
|
|
Gale
Group
Literature
Resource Center
Book
or Original Source
|
Author/editor.(if
given). "Title of the Article." Name of
the
Book. or Original Source.
volume. (if given).
City: (if given) Publisher, year. pages.
Literature Resource Center.
Publisher. Library.
Date of access.
Malmsheimer,
Lonna M. "Sylvia Plath." American
Writers.
Supp. 1: 526-549. Charles Scribner's , 1979.
Literature Resource Center. Gale Group.
WTHS . 20 Sept. 2003.
|
|
Gale
Group
Literature Resource
Center
Book
or Original Source
|
Author/editor (if
given) "Title of the Article. Name
of
the Book
or Original source. volume.(if given)
City:
(if given) Publisher, year.
Specific
Database (if given) on Resource Center.
Publisher. Library. Date
of access.
King, Caroline. "Sylvia
Plath." Twayne's United State
Author Series Online. New
York: G. K. Hall, 1999.
Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. WTHS.
12 Oct. 2003.
|
|
Gale
Group
Literature Resource
Center
Scholarly
Journal
|
Author's
Last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name of the Journal volume . issue (date):
pages. Literature Resource Center. Publisher. Library. Date
of access.
Oates, Joyce
Carol. "The Death Throes of Romanticism."
The Southern Review IX.3 (1973): 501-502.
Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. WTHS. 20
Aug. 2000.
|
|
Gale
Group
Literature Resource
Center
Biography
|
Author's last name, first name. (if
given). "Title of the Essay."
Literature
Resource Center. Publisher. Library. Date
of access.
"Amy Tan."
Contemporary Authors on Literature
Resource
Center. Gale Group. WTHS.
1 Oct.
2003.
|
|
Gale
Group
Discovering Collection
with a Source Database
Scholarly Journal
|
Author.
"Title of the Article." Title of the Magazine
vol. issue
(Year): pages. Source Database (if
given)
Name of the Database. Publisher.
Library.
Date of access.
Finn, Ann. "Kate
O'Brien: The Feminist James Joyce."
Irish
Literature Review 42.7 (1995): 5-10.
Discovering Authors on Discovering
Collection.
Gale Group. WTHS. 12 Jan.
2000.
|
|
Gale
Group
Discovering Collection
Book
|
"Title
of the Article." Name of the Book.
Publisher, Year.
Name of
the Database. Publisher. Library.
Date of access.
"Julius
Caesar." UXL Biographies. UXL, 1999.
Discovering
Collection.
Gale Group.
WTHS. 1 Oct.
2003.
|
|
Gale Group
History Resource Center
Listing Title of Source Databases:
U.S. History
Modern World
|
Author's last name, first name. (if
given) " Title of the
Article." Book or Original Source.
Volume. (if given)
City: (if
given) Publisher, year. Name
of the Database.
Publisher. Library. Date
of access.
"U.S. Asia
Policy Preceding World War II." History in
Dispute. Vol. 4. St. James, 2000. Modern
World on History Gale Group. WTHS. 17 Aug. 2002.
|
|
Facts
on File
|
"Title
of the Article." Name of the Database.
Publisher. Library. Date of access.
Lucretia
Mott." American Women's History: An
Online
Encyclopedia.
Facts on File. WTHS. 15
Oct. 2003.
|
| World's
Best Poetry |
Author's Last Name, First Name.
"Title of the Poem." Name of
the Database. Publisher. Library. Date
of access.
Hughes, James.
"Mother to Son." World's Best Poetry.
Roth. WTHS. 30 Oct. 2003.
|
|
COIN |
Author's last name, first name. (if
given) "Title of the
Article." Name
of the Database. Publisher, Year.
Library. Date of
access.
"Secondary
School Teachers." COIN. Coin
Education,
2002. WTHS. 9 Sept. 2003.
|
|
Career
Bridges |
Author's last name, first name. (if
given) "Title of the
Article." Name
of the Database. Publisher, Year.
Library. Date of
access.
Ebert,
Jerry. "Dairy Inspector." Career
Bridges. Bridges,
2002. WTHS. 6 May 2003.
|
| America
Online - use this format, if no URL is
given; otherwise cite as given under examples of the
World Wide Web (see below) |
"Title
of the Article." Name of the Database. Version.
Date.
Name of the Online Service. Date of Access. Keyword
or Path.
"Rain."
Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 3.4. 1999. America
Online. 10 May 1999. Keyword: Britannica.
|
The
World Wide Web
Helpful Hints and Sample Format
Helpful Hints for
the World Wide Web
All of the information may not be available; the goal is
to provide the readers with enough information so they can locate
the web site. So, if you cannot find some of the information,
cite what is available. (see first example)
-
Name of the person who
hosts the site
-
If the site
is the same as the print version, give the complete publication
information (see your MLA style sheet above to locate the correct
format for books and periodicals)
-
Name of the personal
site, professional site, scholarly project or database where the
information was found - this must be underlined
-
The date the site was
posted to the web or its copyright date
-
Usually, there are no
page numbers or paragraph numbers, but if these are available, please
cite them.
-
The name of the institution
sponsoring the site
-
The date that you accessed
the site
-
The URL (location/address)
- enclose the address in lesser and greater than signs < >
Sample
Format for the World Wide Web
| Basic Citation Information 1 |
Name
of the Site. Date of access <URL>.
Rainbows.
12 Mar. 2002 <http://rainbow.com>.
|
Basic Citation Information 2
(The page is part of a larger site) |
Title of the Page." Name of the
Site. Date of Access
<URL>.
"Hurricanes." The Weather Channel. 15
Jan. 2003 <http://
ww.weather.com>.
|
| Personal
Site |
Name
of the person. Home page. Date of access
<URL>.
Schmo, Joe. Home
page. 10 Dec. 2000
<http://schmo.com>.
|
| Professional
Site |
Author
of the site.(if available) Title of site. Date
on the
web page. Organization Sponsoring the Page (if
available) Date of access <URL>.
Pearl S. Buck.
11 Aug 1996. University
of Pennsylvania. 11 Nov. 1999
<http://dept.english.upennn.Buck>.
|
Document
within a
Scholarly Project or
non-subscription
database |
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the work."
Name of the Site (Other information such
as
as editor, if
available.) Date. Organization
Sponsoring the Site.
Date of access <URL>.
Example
#1
"This Day
in History: August 20." The History Channel
Online. 1999. History Channel. 9 Feb. 1998
<http://historychannel.com/thisday/90882>.
Example
#2
Dove, Rita. "Lady
Freedom Among Us." The Electronic
Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 1998. Alderman
Lib. U of Virginia. 19 May 1998
<http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afaml.html>.
|
| Online
Book within a Scholarly Project |
Book's
author. Name of the book. date. Name
of the
Project. Editor's name (if available). Date.
Sponsoring Organization. Date of access
<URL>.
Keats, John.
Poetical Works. 1884. Project Bartleby.
Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. May 1998. Columbia
5 May 1999 <http://www.columbia.edu>.
|
| Online
Periodical - Scholarly Journal |
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the article."
Name
Name of the Magazine Volume.Issue(year).
Date
of access <URL>.
March, Jean.
"The Modern IMC." English Journal
9.1
(1997): 25 Sept. 1998 <http://wtps.org>.
|
| Online
Newspaper |
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the article."
Name of the Newspaper or Newswire date.
Date
of access
<URL>.
Gorksi, Bob.
"The Kennedy Assassination." The
Minutemen 22 Nov. 1985. 12 Jan. 1998
<http:// www.rumors.org>.
|
| Online
Magazine |
Author's
last name, first name. "Title of the Article."
Name of the Magazine Date. Date of access
<URL>.
Shivers, John.
"Web Construction - A Spider's Intimate
View." U.S. News Online 19 Mar. 1999
<http://www. computersonline.org>.
|
| A
Review |
Reviewer's
last name, first name. Rev. of Name of
the Book, first name last name of the book's
author.
Name
of the Magazine or Newspaper
Volume.Issue (if applicable) Date.
Date of Access <URL>.
Pullano, Marcie.
Rev. of To Kill a Mockingbird, by
Harper Lee. Southern Literary Review 7.2 (1999).
25 Jan. 1999 <http://www.harperlee.org>.
|
Top
CD-ROMs
Hints for CD-ROMs
If you do not have all of the information, cite what you have
-
Author's name (if given.
If only an editor is listed, give the name followed by ed.
-
Title of the Article
(in quotes) - if applicable
-
Name of the CD-ROM (underlined)
-
Edition or version
-
CD-ROM - Publication
medium
-
Place of Publication,
Publisher and year
Sample
Format for CD-ROMs
| The entire
CD |
Magill's
Survey of Literature. CD-ROM. 1999 ed.
Pasadena: Salem Press, 2000.
|
| Article,
Poem, Story |
"Wright,
Richard." Discovering Authors. CD-ROM.
Vers. 4.1. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1997.
|
Refer
to your MLA Handbook for Additional Examples
Top
Bibliography
Cards
You will need to organize
all the books, magazine articles and Internet sites that you have
found in your preliminary survey of material that is available on
your topic; Bibliography cards will help you do this. You will copy
the publication information for each source onto an index. cards.
These cards will also be used to prepare your Works Cited
List (see above).
Use 3 by 5 inch index cards for your bibliography cards. (A
Sample Bibliography Card follows this introductory information)
A Bibliography
Card contains the following information:
-
Essential information
about the source of information - Use your MLA Style Sheet (see
the top of the page ) to determine the format for books, magazines,
the internet and database
-
The name of the library
where the information was found
-
A call number (if applicable)
Sample
Bibliography Card
| Author's
last name, first name. Title of
the Book. City: Publisher, Year.
|
Crutcher,
Chris. Running Loose. New
York: Random , 1993.
|
Copy down the information
on the 3x5 card. Be careful to use correct punctuation.
After you have completed all your bibliography cards, put them in
alphabetical order. Some of your teachers may require that you number
your cards. The number is placed in the upper right-hand corner of
the card.
Top
Note
Cards
Now
that you have completed your bibliography cards, it is time to sit
down and read about your topic and begin to take notes. The notes
that you take are copied onto note cards.
Basic Information:
-
Use 3x5 or 5x7 cards
-
Write on only one side
of each card.
-
Make a separate note
card for each fact or quotation you might want to use in your paper
-
Put quotation marks
around quotes.
-
If you find the information
in 3 or more sources and put it in your own words, it is common
knowledge and you don't need to give the source
There
are Two Way to Set Up Your Note Cards
(Your teacher will tell you which card to use)
Note Card #1 - Citing by Author
The Use
of Black Dialect (Descriptive Heading)
Wright believes that Brooks' use of the "black dialect rings
true in her poetry and reveals the voice and attitude of young
blacks" (Note)
|
Wright
5 (Source and Page) |
|
Note
Card #2 - Citing by Source Number
| Analysis
(Descriptive Label) |
2
(Source - number from Bib. cards) |
Magill argues that
Bucks's reputation as a novelist relies primarily on one novel,
The Good Earth. (Note)
102 (Page)
|
Explanation of
the Parts of the Note Card
Descriptive Heading
A label is used to categorize the notes you are taking under several
general headings. Labels allow you to arrange your notes in some
logical order according to the topics and subtopics in your preliminary
outline. You will arrange your cards according to their labels before
you write your paper
Page Number
The exact page number where you found the reference must be noted
on the card. This should be recorded accurately in case you have
to go back and check the reference.
Source
Note Card #1 - This is the name of the author or
editor of the book you are using.
Note Card #2 - this number corresponds to the number
you placed on your bibliography card
Body of the Note
Card
This can be a summary, paraphrase or a quotation copied from the reference.
This is the information that you will use to write your paper. Be
sensible about note taking. You will have more cards than you need
to write your paper, but do not take down every detail and do not
duplicate material.
There are several types of Note Cards: Quotation, Summary,
and Paraphrased
Quotations
When you are copying material word for word, you must put
quotation marks around these words on your note cards.
If you are going to omit words or sentences from the materials you
are quoting, you must use ellipses points to substitute
for these.
Words
- use 3 dots ...
Sentences - use 4 dots ....
"Dickens was a keen observer of life....He showed sympathy
for the poor and helpless and mocked and criticized the selfish,
the greedy and the cruel" (Magill 27)
If you are going to
alter the quote by adding your own thoughts, you must add brackets.
"Dickens was a
keen observer of life....He showed sympathy for the poor and helpless
[especially in the novels Great Expectations,
A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist]
and mocked and criticized the selfish, the greedy and the cruel"
(Magill 27).
Summary
A summary captures in a few words the key ideas of an author.
For example, the following is a plot summary of Great Expectations.
Great Expectations
by Dickens describes the experiences of young Pip, who inherits
money and can now live the life of a gentleman. Soon, he discovers
that his inheritance has come from a criminal and with that knowledge
his attitude changes from one of vanity to one of compassion.
Paraphrasing
This is a restatement in your own words of the thoughts
and meaning of a writer. Usually paraphrased material is written
in about the same number of words. A good hint for writing paraphrased
material is to read the section and then close the book and write
the note card.
Top
Parenthetical
Citations
The purpose of a parenthetical
citation is to document where you found your information. You
give credit to the authors for using their works. You must use
a parenthetical citation for quotations, ideas that are not common
knowledge, and statistics, figures or graphs.
Parenthetical citations refer the reader to your Works Cited page
at the end of your paper.
Helpful Hints:
-
Parenthetical citations
should be brief and not interfere with the presentation of your
paper.
-
If using more than one
work by the same author, provide additional information such as
a shortened title. For example: (Magill, Short
Fiction 22) or ("Robert Frost," Time
27)
-
Internet, online databases
and CD-ROMs do not have page numbers; sometimes these sources
will use paragraph numbers.
-
Punctuation:
The parenthetical citation is always placed before the period. If
using quotation marks, the citation is placed outside the quotes,
but before the period.
Sample Parenthetical Citations
You can document your sources in the following ways:
The author's name and the page number of the source in parentheses:
"The strength of The Good Earth lies in
Buck's skillful use of characterization" (Magill 342).
The author's last name in the paragraph and page number in
the parenthetical citation:
Magill believes that "the strength of The Good
Earth lies in Buck's skillful use of characterization" (342).
Citing an entire work
Use the author's last name in the sentence and omit the parenthetical
reference:
Magill argues that Buck's reputation as a novelist relies primarily
on one novel, The Good Earth.
Two or more works by the same author
Add a shortened version of the title to the parenthetical citation
or you can incorporate the author's last name and the book title in
the sentence and place the page number in a parenthetical citation:
Buck's power as a novelist is derived from her intelligence, humanity
and ability to make Chinese culture real to the reader (Magill,
American 212).
Magill argues in Women Writers that many Chinese did
not believe that Buck portrayed the culture of China realistically
(232).
A multivolume work - Using More Than 1 Volume
Indicate the volume you are using in the parenthetical citation:
Stevens' poetry explored the realm between the mind and the world,
setting great value on the imagination ( Beachem, 6: 2019).
A Work Listed by Title
Use the full title, if is brief or a shortened title
A New York Times article described Buck's works as a
means to understand different cultures and different times ("Pearl"
5).
Works Cited
Beachem, Fred, ed.
Popular Fiction in American Literature. 6 vols. New York:
Marshall Cavendish, 1991.
Magill, Frank N., ed.
American Literature 1890 to the Present. Pasadena: Salem
Softback, 1990.
-----. Women Writers. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press,
1996.
"Pearl S. Buck."
New York Times 12 Jan 1979: C7.
For
more examples of Parenthetical Citations, refer to your MLA Handbook.
Top
Typing the Paper
Spacing - Double space the paper. In
Microsoft Word, click on Format, Paragraph, then click on Line spacing
and change to double.
Hanging Indents - In Microsoft Word, click on
Format, Paragraph then click on Special and then Hanging.
Margins - Use 1" margins. In
Microsoft Word, click on File, Page Set Up and make sure the margins
are set at 1"
Font - Use Times New Roman, 12" font size.
Header - Insert a Header of 1/2 (0.5) from the
top of the paper and align on the right; the header includes your last
name and the page number. In Microsoft Word, click on View
Header/Footer. Type in your name, then slick on the first icons
after the words "insert auto text." The icon looks
like a piece of paper bent at the top. This will automatically
insert the page number on every page in your paper.
To eliminate the header on the first page, click on the page setup
icon on the icon that looks like a book and put a check mark next to
different first page.
Next,
highlight your name and page number and align to the right.
Click on close.
Tabs - Set at 5 spaces. In Microsoft
Word, click on format, Tabs and make sure the tabs are set at
0.5"
Heading - this identifies the paper and is
placed on the left side of the page and includes your name, your
teacher's name, the name of the course and the date.
Mechanics
of the Paper:
-
In the
first paragraph, the writer presents an introduction which
provides background information for the thesis. The thesis
is placed at the end of this paragraph.
-
The writer uses paraphrases,
quotations and summaries to support the thesis. (see forms of
parenthetical citations on previous screen)
-
Long
quotations do not use quotations marks and are set off from the
rest of the paragraph by an indent of 10 spaces. In long
quotes, the punctuation is placed before the parenthetical
citation
-
In the last paragraph,
the writer begins the conclusion by restating the thesis using different
words.
-
The writer uses the
standard forms for parenthetical citations and varies these forms
throughout the paper. You do use back to back
parenthetical citations; each citation should be followed by
your ideas, explanations, or analysis
-
The Works Cited list
is the last page of the paper.
Sample
Term Paper
Rick Smith
Mr. Lawler
Advanced English 11
8 January 2000
Childhood
vs Adulthood in J.D. Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish"
Childhood innocence is a gift that should be held sacred because the
world of an
adult is so
much more complex than that of a child. In order to survive in this arduous
world, J. D. Salinger in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish"
expresses the idea that adults
should hold
onto and cherish the innocence of their childhood.
Saliinger explores the
conflict
between the innocent, if -problematic, world of children and the
decadent, sterile
world of
adulthood.
In his short story, Salinger uses two main characters, Seymour Glass
and Sybil
Carpenter,
to convey the differences between the worlds of adults
and
children.
Seymour Glass is a war veteran who was hospitalized due to mental
problems during
his service. He was released from the hospital before he was
ready
to re-enter
society. This is a significant factor in the suicidal act
he commits at the
end of the
story (Wenke 34). Seymour Glass represents the adult
world and all the
evils that
follow it. On the other hand, Sybil Carpenter is a model
of innocence.
Sybil is a
young child whose biggest concern is whether or Seymour likes Sharon
Lipschutz,
the young girl allowed to sit on the piano bench while he played
(Salinger
12-13).
This concern of Sybil's proves the innocence of childhood and why
people
should adhere
to it. In the scene where the two mind sets come together, they
discuss
simple topics
such as the color of Sybil's bathing suit and Sharon Lipschutz.
Seymour is
open with
Sybil. He is completely comfortable talking to her, and likes
the presence of
her company.
Sybil shows Seymour the innocence which she possesses. Because
he
had to grow
up quickly, he lack the innocence of childhood. He was forced
into the army
Smith 2
at a young age, therefore,
he lost his innocence (Salzberg 36). During this
scene,
Seymour recognizes
the problems of his life, mainly his loss of innocence and is unable
to "reconcile
himself to the evil adult world into which he has been thrust"
(36).
In the story, Salinger uses two main settings. The first setting
revolves around
Murial in
a telephone conversation with her mother. This is the first
indication about
Seymour Glass
and his strange actions that Muriel's mother believes might lead to
disaster.
It is brought to the reader's attention that Seymour does have suicidal
feeling
(Salinger
6). Muriel is reminded by her mother of Seymour's actions with
trees. "That
business with
the window. Those horrible things he said to Granny about her
plans for
passing away"
(6). In the second setting, Sybil Carpenter finds Seymour lying
on the
beach.
The two hold a conversation. Seymour is kind and gentle with
the little girl. In this
scene, Seymour
learns what childhood innocence is. He recognizes that he no
longer
possesses
it, but that he yearns for it (Wenke 35). "Salinger's most
sympathetic
characters
find themselves in lonely exile from childhood innocence" (xi-xii).
J. D. Salinger constantly uses symbolism throughout his short story.
The
bananafish
is an example of this. The bananafish represents a "satiation
of the
senses (Lunquist 80).
The lives of the fish who swim into the whole are altered so much
that they
can never successfully reenter society. Seymour tells Sybil
the tale of the
bananafish
while they float out to sea. Sybil, in her childish mind, does
not read between
the lines
and see the real meaning of the bananafish. On the other hand,
Seymour sees
that he himself
has been sucked into the banana hole and therefore can never return
to
the previous
world (80). The ocean also has a different meaning than what
comes to the
simple mind
of Sybil Carpenter (80). Seymour sees that the "sea represents
the blue
world of spirituality",
which we may freely swim in, if we chose (80). Most all of the
ocean is ours
to swim in, but if we wander off into the banana hole, our fate turns
to
doom. Many
people, like Seymour Glass, can't help from being sucked into this
banana
Smith 3
However, children
such as Sybil, do not even realize that the banana hole exists (80).
Another example
of symbolism used in the story is Seymour's tattoo. Muriel tells
her
mother when
Seymour goes to the beach,. he doesn't take off his robe because he
doesn't want
people looking at his tattoo. In reality, he has no tattoo (Wenke36).
Imagistic
ally
however, Seymour does feel marked, disfigured, at odds perhaps, with
anything resembling
machismo" (36). Seymour Glass is a troubled soul.
He cannot
seem to cope
with the adult world.
Though loss of childhood innocence is the main reason why Seymour
Glass
decides to
take his life, there is another contributing factor, his shallow wife,
Murie.
Muriel is a strange woman:
She loves her husband dearly, but
refuses to come to grips with the fact that
Seymour needs professional help. She feels that a simple vacation
will "start
them on the road to happiness. Muriel's
refusal to accept the truth
contributes to Seymour's suicide. (36)
Seymour does
not take his life in order to hurt Muriel, he does it to release her
and
to release
himself from a painful physicality that he could no longer endure
(Fitzgerald
308). Seymour Glass had the cards stacked against him. Ihab
Hassan is
quoted as
saying, "the taste of life's corruption is so strong in the mouth
of Seymour
Glass...that
suicide seems to him the only cleansing act possible" (299).
Salinger's "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" is a classic American
short story. He
uses many
different techniques that reach out and capture the reader's attention.
He
places Muriel
in the story to connect with the audience of people who can relate
to the
aggravation
(of Seymour) having a shallow wife. In many stories by J. D.
Salinger, the
main characters
are fascinated with "foolish, contrary, and sometimes even fatal
women"
(Linquist
16-17). Salinger uses symbolism, ranging from the bananafish
to
something
so simple as the ocean. He gives a name to the Seymour Glassr that
Smith 4
symbolizes
what he is, a fragile man who could crack with the slightest agitation.
All
these minor
details really catch a reader's mind. Salinger does an excellent
job with the
fine points
of his story. He
makes it very clear that the life of Seymour Glass is not
good.
Seymour has lost his sense of innocence, which was
essential for his survival.
J. S. Salinger argues strongly for lost innocence in a "A
Perfect Day for
Bananafish."
He articulates that adults should hold onto and cherish the
innocence
of their childhood. Seymour Glass could not grasp this innocence.
The war
was the main
factor why he could not grab the innocence of his childhood.
He was
forced to
put his life on the line. Seymour Glass was not ready for war
or the effects that
came with
it. He was still, in a sense, a child. Seymour was prematurely
forced into the
evil adult
world and could not reconcile himself with that fact. He saw
no other outlet than
suicide.
So "he went over and sat down on the unoccupied twin bed looked
at the girl,
aimed the
pistol, and fired a bullet through his right temple," and so
ends the tragedy of
Seymour Glass
(qtd. in Salzberg 36).
Smith 5
Works Cited
Fitzgerald,
Shelia, ed. Short Story Criticism. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1989.
Lundquist,
James. J. D. Salinger. New York: Ungar,
1979.
Salinger,
J. D. Nine Stories. Toronto: Bantam, 1981.
Salzberg,
Joe. Critical Essays on Salinger's The Cathcer in the Rye.
Boston: GK Hall,
1990.
Wenke, John.
J. D. Salinger: A Study of Short Fiction. Boston: Twayne,
1991.
Top
The
following sources were used to compile this style guide:
Gibaldi, Joseph.
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York:
The Modern Language Association, 1999.
MLA on the Web.
20 Nov. 1999. Modern Language Association of America. 12 Mar.
2000 <http://ww.mla.org>.
"Using MLA Format."
The Purdue University Writing Lab. Purdue University. 3 Mar.
2000 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Files/33.html>.
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